Industrial Relations (IR) is about the relationship between management and workers and the systems that ensure harmony at the workplace. HRM focuses on IR because poor relations lead to disputes, strikes, low productivity and high turnover.
This topic is exam-scoring when you:
You should be able to:
Industrial relations refers to the relationship between employees/workers and employers/management and the ways in which conflicts are resolved and cooperation is maintained.
Scope includes:
Good IR aims to:
Main parties:
Mini table:
Trade union is an organisation of workers formed to protect and promote their common interests.
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Human Resource Management (HRM or HR) is the strategic approach to the effective management of people in a company or organization such that they help their business gain a competitive advantage. The overall purpose of human resources (HR) is to ensure that the organization is able to achieve success through people.
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Industrial Relations (IR) is about the relationship between management and workers and the systems that ensure harmony at the workplace. HRM focuses on IR because poor relations lead to disputes, strikes, low productivity and high turnover.
This topic is exam-scoring when you:
You should be able to:
Industrial relations refers to the relationship between employees/workers and employers/management and the ways in which conflicts are resolved and cooperation is maintained.
Scope includes:
Good IR aims to:
Main parties:
Mini table:
Trade union is an organisation of workers formed to protect and promote their common interests.
Objectives:
Functions (exam points):
Collective bargaining is the process of negotiation between employer and employees (through unions) to agree on employment terms (wages, hours, benefits, working conditions).
Features:
Steps (typical):
Flow: Prepare → Negotiate → Proposals → Agreement → Implement → Review
Common causes:
Prevention:
Grievance is any real or imagined feeling of dissatisfaction or injustice related to employment.
Grievance handling principles:
Procedure (flow): Employee → Supervisor → HR/Grievance committee → Top management → Arbitration (if required)
Discipline means adherence to rules and standards of behaviour at work.
Principles of discipline:
Disciplinary action should focus on corrective improvement, not revenge.
Labour laws provide a protective framework to ensure:
In exams, you can mention labour laws as ensuring rights and compliance to maintain industrial peace.
From this topic
Scope of industrial relations:
Thus, IR covers both cooperation and conflict-handling systems in the workplace.
Functions of trade unions (any three):
Hence, unions act as a collective voice for workers and support industrial peace.
Trade unions protect workers’ interests and represent them collectively.
When unions act responsibly, they improve employee voice and help maintain industrial peace through negotiated settlements.